Climate Change and Global Warming

Biography

Peter Novak has completed his PhD degree in Technical Sciences, University of Belgrade in 1975. He was a Professor for HVAC, Renewable energy and Environment and Dean at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana. He is the first Dean and Professor Emeritus of Faculty for technology and systems, Novo mesto. He is the owner of consultant company Energotech. He is associated with ASHRAE (Fellow and Life member). In the International Institute of Refrigeration, he served eight years as President of Commission E1 for Air Conditioning (now Honorary Member of IIR) and past Vice Chairman of Scientific Committee at European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen (2012-2016). He is also Honorary Member of REHVA, SLOSE, and SITHOK. For more than twelve years he served as a member of Environmental Council of Slovenia.

Abstract

In sustainable transactive renewable energy system (STRES), the role of biomass is changed from solid fuel resource to a precursor material for production of methane and methanol using solar hydrogen and organic carbon in biomass. Hydrogen produced in the time of solar electricity surplus will be used for conversion of organic carbon in the waste biomass for production of methane and methanol. Mass and energy balance shows, that using just biomass mass decaying each year in the nature, the mankind can converse the energy supply from fossil fuels to 100% supply of renewable fuels, using present energy infrastructure with minor adaptation. On this way creating organic carbon recycling economy will be possible. CO2 emissions in the atmosphere will go slowly down with increasing use of synthetic methanol and methane. In transition period, present and new energy system can work in parallel, without any disturbance. What is most important is that all technologies for the energy carrier conversion are developed (electrolysis as water, synthesis of methane and methanol, gas and methanol engines).  The STRES will be an important part of future circular economy. Transition to STRES indicates that we are solving on the same time, the solar energy storage. Using the chemical storage of solar electricity in methane and methanol we can store unlimited quantity of solar electricity. Methane and methanol are proposed, as only one chemical substance, connecting four hydrogen atoms to one carbon atom as most simple solution for chemical storage.

Biography

Charlotte Da Cunha is an Associate Professor in Economics at the UVSQ since 2012, and since 2016 she is Deputy Director of the OVSQ. She has a multidisciplinary academic curriculum guided by the recognition of interdisciplinarity as a necessary collaborative practice between disciplines and earned a doctorate in economics at UVSQ (July 2010). With a focus on participatory methods and practices, her scientific activity is centered on facilitating transdisciplinary dynamic, the development of co-construction governance processes and knowledge, and the evaluation of their effects, related to issues of adaptation in coastal and agricultural areas. She mobilizes qualitative research tools and methods (semi-structured interview, questionnaire with open- and closed-ended questions, qualitative analysis software, etc.). Her application areas are adaptation of coastal community to impacts of climate change and the multifunctionality of agriculture in peri-urban areas.

Abstract

This paper is focussed on experimentation lead on the Gulf of Morbihan within the framework of the European project Co-cli-serv. We aim to develop and explore novel ways to transform state-of-the-art climate science into action-oriented place-based climate services that can be integrated with social understandings and practices of coping with change at the local scale in five representative case studies across NW Europe. On the Gulf of Morbihan case study, the hybrid site-governance group (scientists (environmental studies and climate modelling from UVSQ), local actors local partners (Clim’action Bretagne Sud and Gulf of Morbihan Regional National Park and artists) worked to structure and design an initial mapping of narratives for the Gulf of Morbihan, on climate change and related mitigation and adaptation strategies. We brought to a common pool a series of data from the local partners and a preliminary academic literature review focused on the Gulf of Morbihan, in order to pre-established narratives lines. Then, we conducted life stories with a range of major economic activities present in the Gulf and achieved a site exploration to understand past, present and future changes in the Gulf of Morbihan. By doing so, we wanted to look at the characteristics of the geographical site, to determine whether pre-established narratives lines were still relevant, and to identify community priorities and gaps to be filled. We developed narratives, which play a crucial role in connecting private and public realms, as well as scientific and local perceptions of the ‘weather worlds’ we commonly inhabit. In a second time, incremental and community-led vision-based scenarios will be developed to arrive at common framings of the climate and other changes affecting a place, and to identify the most credible, salient and legitimate climate information to support adaptation and planning.

Biography

Jaime Senabre is Psychologist and Environmental Consultant. He completed Doctoral studies in the Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment of the UNED. He is the Chief of Brigade in a forest fire service with more than 20 years of experience. He collaborates with several companies and institutions in the area of training in Psychology in Emergencies and Human Resources. He is a Professor at the University of Valencia at the Master’s in "Intervention and operational coordination in emergencies and catastrophes" and other Postgraduate courses on emergencies.  He is the Director and President of the International Scientific-Professional Committee of the National Symposium on Forest Fires (SINIF). He has lectured internationally and has been part of the Organizing Committee of several international Congresses on Earth Sciences and Climate Change. He has published articles on forest fires, stress, psychosocial risks and emotional trauma, mainly in relation to emergency services and natural disasters. Currently, he is assigned to the Research Group on Climate and Territorial Planning (University of Alicante), where he researches on the social perception of forest fire risk and behaviour in the event of possible disasters.

Abstract

Natural disasters are socio-natural phenomena whose effects are not always distributed equally over the population. The risk of disaster arises from the product between threats and vulnerability. The impact of natural risks influences the sustainable development of a society. The way in which the human being relates to nature and the human action, are prone to generate situations of danger. The likelihood of a natural hazard materializing seems to have been assumed. For that reason, the human being lives in constant risk on the Earth, something that is not new. The climate models indicate an increase in climate irregularity in the Mediterranean regions. In general, climate change poses scenarios of greater risk in the face of natural hazards. From environmental psychology, the study of risk perception as a factor for risk analysis is addressed. From this perspective, this study is proposed, with the purpose of knowing some aspects such as: the perception of threat, the risk exposure, the awareness of the damage, the evolution of the risk, the elements of concern, the level of concern, the elements of exposure, the mode of attribution, knowledge of natural risk and, in particular, the knowledge of forest fire risk. The study population is made up of citizens of the Valencia community, a region of Eastern Spain that has a singular climate and topography, which makes it more susceptible to have episodes of droughts, floods, strong winds from the west, heat waves and wild land fires, mainly. It is necessary to know how society perceives risk due to adverse natural phenomena, for this reason, we hope that the results of this study will contribute to the improvement of the risk reduction programs in this region of the Spanish Mediterranean.

Biography

Mitchell Noworolnik is in the completion of a Bachelor of Arts degree in Geography with an emphasis in sustainable urban and regional planning, a minor in environmental studies, and a certificate in GIS technology from Grand Valley State University in the United States. His plan is to pursue a Masters’ course in Urban and Regional Planning. His areas of interest include sustainable mobility, human well-being, and promoting the greening of landscapes in cities as a way to counter-act climate change.

Abstract

Southeastern Mainland Asia is home to a climate consisting of high, uniform temperatures, and a high amount of rainfall. This climate is what allows Southeastern Asia to produce most of the World’s rice resources. Rice in Asia is not only depended on as a main export of the region, but as a staple crop throughout the 6 countries of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and in the western half of Malaysia. What will be the potential complications that global climate change will have on this historically important grain in their agriculture? What kind of adaptations in agriculture are the people of this region implementing to help their present and future populations be food secure? Observations over the past decades of research have shown that an increase in the temperature of this region has already caused more sporadic rainfall events and longer periods of drought. This new threat has the potential to increase the number of natural disasters in both frequency and ferocity in Southeastern Asia and those who call this area as home are feeling an escalating anxiety. Collective data into this topic shows that if changes to the climate keep occurring, further calamities will threaten the stability of the economically thriving rice industry and hinder those most vulnerable to its effects from generating income and lifting them out of poverty stricken areas. Using the latest research and climate modeling systems from those on the front line of this issue, we will see the potential impacts of climate change on this region’s main source of wealth and how these countries are adapting to future expectations of the climate.

Biography

G Clegg is a Research Assistant working on the ESPREssO project (Enhancing synergies for disaster prevention in the European Union) at the Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield UK. She has completed a Master’s degree in Applied Meteorology and Climatology from the University of Birmingham, a Bachelor’s degree in Geography from the University of Sheffield, UK and has interests in natural hazards and climate change. 

Abstract

It is widely recognised that there are significant benefits in realising a cohesive approach to disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) for achieving resilience aims. However, there are many challenges that act to prevent a harmonised approach. This study draws upon the findings of a EU-wide review and six national reports developed for Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, the UK and Denmark in a project entitled ESPREssO (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union), funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 programme. A litrature review and thereafter, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were carried out to identify challenges and recommendations. Findings reveal a lack of capacity at local levels to be one of the most prominent challenges to effective CCA and DRR integration in Europe. Although local authorities frequently have the responsibility for implementing CCA and DRR actions, they do not always have the capacity or knowledge to manage all the principles, policies and practices bestowed upon them. Specific issues include a lack of knowledge, awareness and financing among many. A lack of horizontal and vertical coordination between levels of governance compounds these issues, resulting in a multitude of challenges which act to prevent successful CCA and DRR integration. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) advocates the sharing of the States DRR responsibilities with local government, while the Paris Agreement highlights adaptation measures that are based upon indigenous and local knowledge. Without sufficient capacity to act and a lack of coordination, the goals of post-2015 international agenda cannot be achieved. To overcome such challenges several recommendations are presented, including resource sharing, increased involvement of local levels in decision making, awareness building and engagement of the private sector, in order to further positive action in DRR and CCA.

Biography

Kevin B Strychar is a tenured Full Professor at the Annis Water Resources Institute - Grand Valley State University.  He is a Research Academic studying climate change focussing on the biological implications of climate change, such as the effects of warming temperatures on the spread of pathogens associated with invasive species disease ecology in aquatic habitats.  His studies also focus on the effects of climate (heat stress) on reef corals (shallow and deep-water), sponges, dinoflagellates, and other “microbes” in marine habitats.

Abstract

Climate change is a natural process and part of earth’s history, however, the rate and magnitude of current change is troubling.  Scleractinian corals, responsible for the foundation of most tropical reefs worldwide, are facing a significant threat of extermination due to heat stress warming the upper water layers.  Less known is the effect of heat stress on deeper mesophotic corals (30-150 m), with some researchers suggesting that through connectivity, these coral may serve as a refuge and repopulate shallow depleted reefs.  In this study, we compare and contrast the effect of acute (72 hr) and chronic (480 hr) heat stress on the mesophotic coral Montastraea cavernosa (Linnaeus 1767) at temperatures varying from 27 to 33°C  for six hours vs. increases from 27°C at 1.5°C increments every 72 hours until 33°C was reached.  Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) resulted in two distinct gene expression profiles (rapid transcript upregulation and variable transcript expression).  Acute exposure resulted in the activation and upregulation of an oxidative protective enzyme, molecular chaperone, and anti-apoptotic protein.  Chronic heat exposure only elicited a physiological response at the higher temperatures (i.e. 30°C).  Here, we propose 30°C as a heat-stress threshold for mesophotic M. cavernosa.  In conclusion, mesophotic coral appear equally susceptible to increased ocean temperature and should be regarded as a sensitive ecosystem.

Biography

Thomas Allmendinger wad born on August 15^th 1947 in Zurich (Switzerland) where he have gone through the Swiss school and education system followed with studies at the ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, i.e. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) and a Master degree (Diploma) in organic and general chemistry in 1971. However, his life cannot be understood as a conventional career being based on fixed initial conditions and solely taking place inside established institutions. Rather it alternated between those institutions on the one hand – also as a teacher in chemistry at different schools -, and independent activities such as the performance of own research & development work, on the other hand, leading to a permanent education and self-improvement. Meanwhile, times were changing to a considerable degree: e.g. at the time of his graduation, the pc and all the more internet were unknown, and the climate problem didn’t exist while environmentalism was just arising. Thus, from the professional point of view, it was an advantage to undertake my doctoral research study only twenty years later, namely in the context of an own project, carried out at the PSI (Paul Scherrer Institute) and at the ETH about a methanol/air fuel cell, and tackling another professional field (electrochemistry). This project became possible only thanks to a serious preparation which was based on the experience reached during my previous work in an environmental laboratory and, subsequently, by the independent development of an indicator for deep-frozen foods. However, since none of these projects could be realized commercially although viable results had been achieved, my further activities were first focussed on a research service with an own laboratory at the Technopark in Zurich (in association with the AFIF = Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Industrielle Forschung) concerning electrochemistry and alternative energies, and, later, on electroplating as an employee of an industrial firm (Collini AG). Thereby, again and again he had to deal with physical characterization methods for surfaces. They have recently been published. And after his retirement in 2012, he  have tackled climate physics as a novel research field which has, after a settling-in period but based on a life-long experience, delivered some significant contributions to the global climate problem. Besides, after many years my part-time occupation with quantum mechanics has led to a considerable result which could be possibly pioneering for future physics. His  present contributions solely concern recent work while the former publications, mainly concerning electrochemistry, are quoted in Orcid (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-3063). The earliest published article dates from his time as teacher in chemistry. It already had to do with atomic models and was entitled „Die Van der Waals-Kräfte im Lichte des Kugelwolkenmodells”, PdN-Ch. 3/34 (1985), 31-39.

Abstract

Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the status of a natural law. However, its empirical foundation is little, tracing back to experiments made by Dulong and Petit two hundred years ago. Originated by Stefan at the end of the 19^th century, and theoretically founded afterwards by Boltzmann, it delivers the absolute temperature of a blackbody or rather of a solid opaque body (SOB), as a result of the incident solar radiation intensity, the emitted thermal radiation of this body, and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. Thereby, a similar character of the blackbody radiation describable by the expression σ·T⁴ and the atmospheric counter-radiation was assumed. But this appears quite abstruse and must be questioned, not least since no pressure-dependency is provided. Due to the author’s recently published work about proposing novel measuring methods, the possibility was opened up not only to find an alternative approach for the counter-radiation of the atmosphere, but also to verify it by measurements. This approach was ensued from the observation that the IR-radiative emission of gases is proportional to the pressure and to the square root of the absolute temperature, which could be bolstered by applying the kinetic gas theory. The here presented verification of the modified counter-radiation term A·p·T^0.5 in the Stefan-Boltzmann relation was feasible using a direct caloric method for determining the solar absorption coefficients of coloured aluminium-plates and the respective limiting temperatures under direct solar irradiation.  For studying the pressure dependency, the experiments were carried out at locations with different altitudes. For the so-called atmospheric emission constant A an approximate value of 22 Wm^-2bar^-1K^-0.5 was found. In the non-steady-state, the total thermal emission power of the soil is given by the difference between its blackbody radiation and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. This relation explains to a considerable part the fact that on mountains the atmospheric temperature is lower than on lowlands, in spite of the enhanced sunlight intensity. Thereto, the so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon-dioxide do not have any influence.

Biography

Ionut PURICA is a senior researcher in the Romanian Academy’s Institute for Economic Forecasting, and Executive Director of the Advisory Center for Energy and Environment, Dr.Purica was also a counselor of the Minister of Economy and previously the Minister of the Environment and an expert for the Parliament of Romania He participated in the elaboration of the EU accession strategy for Romania and the energy (electricity and heat) strategy (for the Ministry of Economy and Trade) and did risk analysis and transaction structuring and project management with the World Bank, USEA, JBIC, MARSH, ITOCHU, MVV, etc. He was also President (State Secretary) of the Romanian Agency for Nuclear Energy and Radioactive Waste – ANDR).Previously he worked as a project officer for energy and infrastructure in the World Bank, in Romania and the Balkans (e.g. energy Assessment in Kosovo 1999), being trained in project guarantees, value at risk, procurement to complete his expertise in engineering acquired as director for international projects of the Romanian Power Company RENEL and senior engineer managing a joint Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd-IMG-Bucharest quality engineering group for the manufacture of nuclear reactor components for the CANDU units in Romania. He worked also as an international researcher for ENEA Rome – the Italian Commission for Energy New Technology and Environment – and as an associate researcher at ICTP Trieste. Prof.Purica has authored books in his field of expertise published by Imperial College Press, Academic Press, etc. and published articles in journals like Risk Analysis, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Foundations of Control Engineering, etc. He took his second PhD in economics, (the first one in Nuclear Energy Engineering) and, he is a corresponding member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists (AOSR) and also a Professor teaching a course in Risk management to masters of science in the Hyperion University. He is a member of the WEC study group for energy scenarios 2050 and 2060 and a member of the Advisory Group for Energy of the EU Commission.

Abstract

The change of the climate is characterized by the increase in temperature and a larger standard deviation of the temperature distribution. Having the data of temperature for each of the 40 regions of Romania on a monthly basis in time, starting 1961, a twofold analysis was done: first, with the purpose to check the evolution of the average temperature and of the associated distributions standard deviation and second, to assess the risks stemming from the combined effects of temperature and precipitation in each region that result in flood and drought and snow and freeze risks. These associated risks combine into a total risk for which a potential insurance system is proposed also correlated with the volatility of the temperature on a decade period in each region. The results of this analysis show evidence of a climate change process and suggest the validity of a risk mitigation policy.  

Biography

Alexander Panin is a Senior Lecturer of the Department of Microbiology of the Military Medical Academy. He is Specialist in medical support for the preparation of expeditions to the polar zones. He participated in 50 and 56 Russian Antarctic expeditions. He monitors the sanitary status of the objects of Russia in Antarctica. In a team of like-minded people, psychophiles – bacteria and micromycetes, living at low temperatures under extreme polar conditions, types of microorganisms of medical significance, are exploring. He has published more than 20 scientific articles in well-known journals, where observations on aspects of global warming are objectified. Microbiological monitoring is most informative in extreme zones of polar deserts as predictors of global warming and epidemiological risks of the emergence of infectious diseases of humans and animals. Studying symbiosis in cyanobacterial mats and in the polar microbiota. This allows us to objectify the risks of global climate disasters.

Abstract

Microorganisms clearly react to climate change. Microbial species can be indicators of anthropogenic impact on polar ecosystems. Global climate change may also affect the composition and structure of microbial communities in the Antarctic and the Arctic. Microbiological monitoring is very important for ensuring the transmission of pathogens, as well as assessing the epidemiological situation in the area of ​​polar settlements. The purpose of this work is to study the microbial biogenesis of the polar zones and to show the role of microbiological monitoring as a predictor of risks associated with global, primarily, climate warming. Studies of microbiota in Antarctic ecosystems have been carried out since 1996 in water, soil, flora and fauna in the Antarctic coastal areas around the facilities of the Russian Antarctic Expedition. Psychrophilic bacteria (Yersinia) and other pathogens around were isolated. An annual sample was taken from the same habitat, which allowed investigating the dynamics of microbiota at the reference points. A variety of bacteriological, mycological studies, including molecular methods, were used. Microbiological monitoring showed an increase in 1.5-3 times microbiota of anthropogenic origin. Here the diversity of bacteria and fungi was significantly higher than in natural ecosystems. At the moment, our research priorities are related to the Arctic regions of Russia. Microbiological monitoring of birds inhabiting the territory surrounding the polar stations is being carried out to develop preventive and anti-epidemic measures related to climate warming. These studies form the basis of the concept of polar epidemiology with scientific justification for preventive and ant epidemic measures. The topic of climate research is very relevant for the biological and medical community. It is necessary to predict and respond to the challenges of the climate, which is one of the important epidemiological risks, in a timely manner.

Biography

Negar Shahvari is a Ph.D. candidate and research assistant of Agricultural Economics atTarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran. She was ranked 1st in the department of Agricultural Economics among MS candidates. So far, she has been ranked first with a GPA of 18.48 out of 20 among Ph.D. candidates. She has several national and international published articles. During her graduate study, she was involved in several Natural Resources and Environmental Economics researches. Moreover her dissertation topic and her research interest are focused on Climate Change impacts on Agricultural Produces.

Abstract

Climate change is currently one of the most important environmental challenges worldwide. Iran is among arid and semi-arid regions in the global climatic zonation. The evidence of historical meteorological data along with the forecasts of the country’s climate indicates the occurrence of climate change phenomenon in recent decades with a continued trend in the future as elsewhere in the world. The agricultural sector is also most affected by the process of climate change due to the extensive and direct interactions with the environment. Varamin plain is located in Iran, 45 km to the South-east of Tehran. This research predicted the regional climate change for the periods of 2011-2030, 2046-2060, and 2080-2099 in most climatic scenarios (AlB, A2, and B1) compared to the base period (1986-2016) using the meteorological data generation model (LARS-WG) in this region. The percentage of changes in individual climatic parameters during these periods was then calculated in comparison with the base period. All estimated P-values were acceptable at a significant level of 1%, hence, it can be concluded that the LARS-WG model has the potential necessary to simulate the rainfall and temperature variables at the climatology station of the study area. Based on the results, total annual precipitation will decrease in the coming years. Also, the average temperature (average minimum and maximum temperature) will have an increasing trend in the future periods. The above-mentioned climatic changes will lead to a reduction in the yield of agricultural crops in the region.

Biography

Alexander Trofimov in 1973 has obtained a diploma of the Doctor on Novosibirsk State Medical University. He completed the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1988, later joined as ISA Professor in 1999, served as Academician of American biographic Institute (ABI) in 2010, as General director and Chief of Scientific council of International Scientific Research Institute of Cosmoplanetary Anthropoecology named after Academician V P Kaznacheev  from 1994 to 2017, Chief of Laboratory Helioclimatopathology of Science Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine of Siberian Department of Russian Academy of Medical Science (until 2010).He also did his DSc (H C Colombo,1996), DSc of Open International University for Complementary Medicine in 1998. From 1975 till 2017 he wrote more than 300 scientific works, 7 monographs and has 7 patents. His basic research interests are Heliobiology, Cosmic Anthropoecology, Geoecology, Cardiology. He was awarded with honorary certificate for achievements in the field of Helioecology and Geocosmic medicine by Cambridge Biographical Institute (GB) and with the Medal of achievements in field of Cosmic Anthropoecology by American Biographic Institute (ABI) and included in the list of 500 Greatest Geniuses of the 21^st Century book (Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 2009) and was awarded a medal of Russian Federation of Cosmonauties (2001) and the American Medal of Honor for Contribution to Cosmic Anthropoecology (ABI-USA,2007).

Abstract

We believe that at sequence of climatic and heliophysical events of last time the main role have our magnetosphere. According to the data of some geophysicists from the end of the 20^th century the full vector of the magnetic field of the Earth is gradually weakening. Accordingly, the buffering properties of the Earth magnetosphere, which protects biosystems from excess solar proton-electron beams, are decreasing. Using modelled weakening of the geomagnetic field into original device cosmobiotron we had to answer the question: what are the possible biotropic consequences of heliophysical pressing for further human development? Our main aim was the development at this condition of non-medicinal helio-gene-preventive technologies. Significant differences (P<0.05) between volunteers in the experimental and control groups on the dynamics of electric, psychophysiological and other parameters, coupled with the appropriate genetic markers (genes D4, B1, TNF), and intensity of heliophysical factors at different stages of ontogeny of the examinees and their parents were showed. The phenomenon of heliophysical expression of genes, manifested at modelling of the short-term prolonged geomagnetic deprivation, was opened. It is shown, that our new technological means, so as informational holograms and drinking water, patented in Russia, has helioprotective properties and contributes to significant positive inversion of the functional dependence of activity of many human functional systems on heliogeophysical impacts, increasing at geomagnetic deprivation. The necessity for the creation of a global system of geoecological human life support in conditions of spreading heliogeophysical and climatic changes on our planet were shown: 1) In conditions of a simulated weakening of the geomagnetic field, more than 500 times, into cosmobiotron, the phenomenon of heliophysical gene expression is revealed, significant associations of the parameters that reflect the functional activity of the brain, the state of psychophysiological, intellectual and creative processes with genetic markers (genes B1 and D4) and heliophysical situation in the pre-and postnatal ontogeny of the examinees. 2) The heliophysical gene expression, manifested at the prolonged short-term geomagnetic deprivation of a man contributes to lowering the threshold of his sensitivity to the information-holographic signals of the cosmogonic content associated with the dynamics of electrophysiological parameters and the length of D4 gene alleles. 3) Jerks and secular excurses of the geomagnetic field, accompanied by the weakening of its induction and the increased access to the biosphere of solar-galactic corpuscular flows, increasing the measure of openness of biological systems can have evolutionary consequences for a man. 4) The non-medicinal means on the basis of drinking water treated of holograms Aurora or into the portable devices with weakened geomagnetic field, which reduces the excess heliomagnetotropic reactions of a man and promotes prevention of crisis states (on an example of patients with arterial hypertension) was developed and successfully tested. 5) The necessity of global geo-ecological life support system in conditions of changing climate-heliogeophysical environment, the ongoing reduction of the geomagnetic induction and the increased access of solar-galactic corpuscular flows to the biosphere was scientifically based. 6) Treatment of drinking water, in our opinion, leads to such changes in its nanoclusteral structure, energy-information capacity and biocatalytic activity that provide helio-geno-protective effect in relation to a man on the supramolecular, cellular, systemic and organism levels.

Biography

Vladimir A Grachev started his career in 1960s as an Engineer at Compressor Plant and later, he held a Chair at the Penza State Polytechnical Institute. In 1990, he was elected as a Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Higher Education and Training at the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. He was the Chief of the Federation Council’s Committee on Science, Culture, Education, Health and Ecology. In 1999-2007, he was elected as a deputy of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Committee on Ecology. Now he has been the Adviser to the Director General of Rosatom.  His main Research area is Physic-Chemical Technological Bases of Non-Organic Materials. He is an Honorary member of the PACE, Chairman of the Public Council under Rostekhnadzor, member of the Commission for UNESCO, President of Vernadsky Non-governmental Ecological Foundation

Abstract

The report represents the data on the impact of various energy sources on indicators that effect global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint for the creation and operation of power plants using various fuels (coal, gas), nuclear, wind, solar and hydroelectric power stations. The advantages of using atomic energy are shown. It is environmental like along with solar and wind energy. It is nuclear and thermonuclear reactions to the sun and within the core of the earth, and, as a consequence, solar radiation, are primary environmental-like resources. Quantitative indicators of the mass of sources use of a complete carbon footprint, as well as data on abiotic depletion of resources, the potential of global warming for various types of gas fuel, coal, nuclear, hydro, solar and wind energy are given for the first time. The advantages of a combination of gas generation with nuclear at the prospect of using gas hydrates, as well as RES and atomic energy are shown.

Biography

Jun He completed his PhD from National University of Singapore in 2009.Later, he worked as a Research Fellow in Singapore-Delft Water Alliance from 2009 to 2010, and then he moved to industry to work in Siemens Global Water R & D Centre as a Technology Scientist during 2010-2011. In Oct 2011, he took up the Lectureship in University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC) and then got promoted to Associate Professor in Aug 2014. He is currently the Head of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group and Deputy Director of International Doctoral Innovation Centre in University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC). He has so far published more than 45 peer-reviewed papers on top journals in the area of atmospheric science and climate change.

Abstract

A new method was developed in order to estimate the regional CO₂ background concentration in Yangtze River delta (YRD), China. The sampling site, Lin'an Regional atmospheric background station, is in the Southern part of YRD. Both CO₂ and black carbon (BC) concentrations were simultaneously measured at the above site from 2013 to 2015, and the statistical analysis showed that they were moderately positively correlated. As the fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning are thought to be the predominant sources for CO₂ and BC presumably, a new method based on BC concentration combined with meteorological parameters was developed to estimate the regional CO₂ background concentration in YRD. In comparison to the results from statistical method by R package, this method is not only better at excluding the influence of air mass polluted by anthropogenic emissions, but also excels to represent the diurnal variation of CO₂ concentration caused by daily cycle of the plant photosynthesis/respiration and daily evolution of boundary mixing height. The annual regional CO₂ background concentration in YRD obtained by this new approach was about 404.7±8.2 ppm (2013), 405.6±5.3 ppm (2014) and 407.0±5.3 ppm (2015), respectively, significantly higher than the globally averaged concentration. The diurnal trend of CO₂ background concentration varied with the peak at 4:00 AM and the trough at 16:00 PM; the seasonal trend showed as a dual-modal curve, with the lowest value in August/September and the peaking point in January/February/May. In addition, it appears that the anthropogenic emissions could have a great impact on CO₂ concentration in this study area. In particular, when the air mass polluted by anthropogenic emission passed by, CO₂ concentration rose up significantly, about 9.1 ppm more than the background occurrence level.

Biography

Lai Lai had experience in conducting yield trial experiments, pod borer resistant varieties of pigeon pea, incidence of chafer betel and effective insecticide in pigeon pea, groundnut and mungbean. In her MSc, she observed Effect of Storage Methods on Fungi, Aflatoxin Contamination and Seed Quality of Small- and Large-Seeded Types Peanut. She is Staff Officer in department of agriculture under ministry of agriculture, livestock and irrigation, Myanmar. She is responsible in testing seed quality, field inspection, and seed certification for seed farm, contract farmers in rice growing township. As a member of technical extension group, she was teaching quality seed production and seed quality control procedures, post-harvest technologies to DOA staffs in different regions. Currently, she is pursuing PhD in University Putra Malaysia. Her research path way is Effect of Rice Straw Biochar and N Fertilizer Management Strategies on Greenhouse Gases Emission in Sustainable Rice Productivity.

Abstract

In the next 25 years, extensive mineral fertilizer application for increased rice productivity will direct to worsen greenhouse gases emission problem. In agriculture, increased Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) emission is due to the application of Nitrogen fertilizers. Besides, most of the world’s rice is grown in flooded conditions that favour methane-producing bacteria. Therefore, the use of mineral fertilizer should be addressed not only for the food but also for climate change mitigation. So these studies investigate the effect of rice straw biochar and different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on greenhouse gas emission in rice production. The pot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments are control, T₁ (only 150 kg N/ha) and rice straw biochar (9 ton/ha) + (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N/ha) T_2, T₃, T₄, T₅ and T₆ respectively. Leaf area, plant height, tiller numbers, SPAD value and gas sampling (CO_2, CH₄ and N₂O) were carried out at every two weeks interval. Yield parameters after harvesting were recorded. Rice straw biochar through different N fertilizer rates showed synergetic effect on rice plant growth. The yield increasing over control (around 20.7%) was found in T₃, T₄ and T₅. Biochar treated soil had increased cumulative CO₂ emission over control. Although there had no exact trend of reduction of gas emission, all biochar treated soil had significantly reduced seasonal methane and nitrous oxide gas emission. Specifically, application of rice straw biochar (9 ton/ha) through 60 kg N/ha could be recommended for enhanced growth, increased yield, and reduced greenhouse gas in relative to control and therefore rice straw should be recycled into biochar as fertilizer materials.

Biography

Leila Vatani is PhD student at Tarbiat modares University in Iran. Her thesis is on Reaction of Tree Species (Needle Leaved and Broad Leaved) in Plantation and Reforestation on Effective Global Warming Factors. Climatic changes are inevitable and trees have various and effective impacts on regional alterations, either directly or indirectly. The increasing emission of greenhouse gases, production of aerosols, changes in ground's reflection ratio (Albedo) and heating pollution are different factors affecting the speed of climatic changes. Trees also affect the surrounding environments and the regions considering the related factors, but there are many researches regarding the effectiveness rates of trees on important factors which influence the regional changes. Hence, this research aims at answering to this question if the plantations could help the earth to be cooled, and if so, which species in plantations is the best one.

Abstract

Introduction: Hyrcanian forests that have situated in the North of Iran were formed at the end of the third geological period. Nowadays, the areas of these forests have decreased; hence they should be replaced via reforestation and plantation by tree species that tolerate climate change impacts. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges to land management and society. Forests significantly can influence local climate via a number of different mechanisms. Albedo and carbon sequestration are the most important mechanisms that play a major role in the energy balance of the earth’s surface.

Methods: Here, we examined variation of albedo and carbon and nitrogen stocks for three stands (25 years old) with maple (Acer velutinum), poplar (Populus deltoides) and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). The field plot data were measured during the growing season of 2016 (summer). Albedo was measured with albedometer set-up (CMA6 Kipp & Zonen) that sat on movable masts above the canopy height at the 20-24 meters. In order to determine the soil’s carbon and nitrogen sequestration, 10 sample profiles were taken in each stand from 0-10 soil depth and analyzed for soil characteristics such as pH, soil texture, bulk density, EC, total soil carbon and total nitrogen. The relative importance of each of the sub options (tree species) was determined using TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) methodology. 

Results: The results indicated that summertime canopy albedo in three species ranges from 0.15 to 0.28 (in sunny days). Average of albedo in cypress stand was 0.15, in maple 0.25 and in poplar was 0.28. Analysis of variance indicated that there is significant difference between three stand albedos (p˂0.01). Broad-leaved trees have a large amount of albedo in comparison to the needle-leaved trees. The results of carbon sequestration showed significant difference in soil carbon and nitrogen amounts among three stands. Tree species effect on these parameters. The highest mean soil carbon and nitrogen stocks were observed in cypress (37.66, 1.68 ton ha-1) followed by maple (34.06, 1.45 ton ha-1) and polar (26.76, 1.2 ton ha-1 ). The results of TOPSIS technique indicated that under global warming conditions, the preferred species to develop the forested areas are maple followed by polar and cypress has not preference to develop in this region.

Discussion: Understanding the influence of forest tree species on albedo and carbon sequestration are urgently needed in forest management under climate change and global warming conditions. Our results demonstrated that broad-leaved such as maple considering the albedo and carbon and nitrogen sequestration, with the highest value in TOPSIS technique has the most cooling effect among three species. Thus, for increase in forested areas broad leaf tress should be considered rather than using needle-leaved species (cause warmer environment because they absorb solar radiation more than broad-leaved trees). Therefore, forest managers with selecting the optimal tree species in reforestation and afforestation can help to mitigate the climate change and global warming impacts.